Occupational Technology Skill Shares (OTSS) Dashboard

Explore occupational skill shares by technology class (manual, digital, frontier), their change over time, and how frontier shifts relate to employment growth.

Data and classification based on: Genz, S., Gregory, T. & Lehmer, F. (2026). AI-Powered Skill Classification: Mapping Technology Intensity in the German Labour Market. Fiscal Studies, forthcoming.

⚙ Global settings — apply to all views
Employment-weighted
Year
Measure definitions
Manual
Skills to operate work processes without digital support — manually controlled equipment or non-IT-supported tools. Typical of work before the Digital Revolution (1st & 2nd Industrial Revolutions).
Digital
Skills to use digital/IT tools that support or indirectly manage the work process — e.g. CRM software, ERP systems, CNC machines. Computerisation wave from the 1970s onward (3rd Industrial Revolution).
Frontier
Skills to use the most advanced technologies — e.g. machine learning, AI systems, collaborative robots, digital twins. Fourth Industrial Revolution since the late 2000s.
Economy-wide technology composition
Manual / digital / frontier skill shares. Year and weighting controlled by the global bar above.
Segment:
Manual
–
Digital
–
Frontier
–
Manual Digital Frontier
Interpretation ⓘ
–
Manual Digital Frontier (click a bar to see details)
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Select top N by
Then rank by
X-axis (Δ share):
Avg Δ Frontier: –

Each bubble is an occupation. X = Δ frontier share (2012→2023), Y = employment growth rate, bubble area ∝ 2023 employment. Click a bubble for details.

LISER IAB Utrecht University ZEW Instituut Gak IZA Network
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Technology composition 2012 vs 2023

Top frontier skills (2023)
    Top digital skills (2023)